B (2019): Bladder Cancer :
References:

Stenzl A, Witjes JA, Comperat E et al. Guidelines on bladder cancer – muscle-invasive and metastatic. European Association of Urology 2012. Available from http://www.uroweb.org/gls/pdf/07_Bladder%20Cancer_LR%20II.pdf.

B (2019): Bladder Cancer :
References:
National Cancer Institute. Bladder cancer treatment (PDQ) – patient version. Available from http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/bladder/Patient.
Arianayagam M, Rashid P. Bladder cancer – current management. Australian Family Physician 2011; 40(4): 209–13.
National Cancer Institute. Bladder cancer treatment (PDQ) – health professional version. Available from http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/bladder/HealthProfessional.

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Cancer support organisations:
In addition, State and Territory Cancer Councils provide general information about cancer as well as information on local resources and relevant support groups. The Cancer Council Helpline can be accessed from anywhere in Australia by calling 13 11 20 for the cost of a local call.

B (2019): Bladder Cancer :
Finding support:
More information about finding support can be found on this website – Living with cancer. This information deals with some of the challenges experienced by people affected by cancer. It includes information about managing some of the longer term side effects of treatment, how people close to you might feel after a diagnosis of cancer, and where to find practical and emotional support.

B (2019): Bladder Cancer :
Finding support:

People often feel overwhelmed, scared, anxious and upset after a diagnosis of cancer. These are all normal feelings.

Having practical and emotional support during and after diagnosis and treatment for cancer is very important. Support may be available from family and friends, health professionals or special support services.

B (2019): Bladder Cancer :
Treatment options:

Treatment and care of people with cancer is usually provided by a team of health professionals – called a multidisciplinary team.

Treatment for bladder cancer depends on the stage of the disease, the severity of symptoms and the person’s general health. Treatment options can include surgery to remove part or all of the bladder, radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy to destroy cancer cells.

Research is ongoing to find new ways to diagnose and treat different types of cancer. Some people may be offered the option of participation in a clinical trial to test new ways of treating bladder cancer.

B (2019): Bladder Cancer : How is bladder cancer diagnosed?

A number of tests may be performed to investigate symptoms of bladder cancer and confirm a diagnosis. Some of the more common tests include:

A physical examination
Examination of a urine sample
Imaging of the bladder and nearby organs, which may include ultrasound, X-ray, computed tomography (CT) scans or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
examination of the inside of the bladder using a cystoscope (a camera on a thin tube inserted into the urethra)
Taking a sample of tissue (biopsy) from the bladder wall for examination under a microscope.

B (2019): Bladder Cancer
What are the risk factors for bladder cancer?
Even if a person with bladder cancer has a risk factor, it is usually hard to know how much that risk factor contributed to the development of their disease.

While the causes of bladder cancer are not fully understood, there are a number of factors associated with the risk of developing the disease. These factors include:

Tobacco smoking 4
Exposure to certain chemicals, such as benzene derivatives and arylamines 4
Exposure to radiotherapy treatment for cancers in the pelvis/lower abdomen. 4

B (2019): Bladder Cancer
What are the risk factors for bladder cancer?

A risk factor is any factor that is associated with an increased chance of developing a particular health condition, such as bladder cancer. There are different types of risk factors, some of which can be modified and some which cannot.

It should be noted that having one or more risk factors does not mean a person will develop bladder cancer. Many people have at least one risk factor but will never develop bladder cancer, while others with bladder cancer may have had no known risk factors.